A complete characterization of an electrodynamic transducers consists, among others, of measurement of the membrane velocity. Modern measurement devices, such as laser vibrometers and accelerometers, are coming with their set of disadvantages. The laser devices can be costly, the accelerometers, being attached to the device under test, are influencing the measurement and are unusable for small-sized loudspeakers. This paper explores the indirect measurement of the membrane velocity, using a single microphone, and the limits for measurement of loudspeaker parameters, including the frequency-dependent ones due to creep effects and eddy currents.
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https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=20907
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