The low-frequency efficiency of direct-radiator loudspeaker systems is directly related to system cutoff frequency and to enclosure type and size. Plots are presented which show the efficiency of vented and sealed-box loudspeaker systems as a function of enclosure volume and cutoff frequency. Vented systems are found to possess a significant performance advantage.
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https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=2120
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