This paper discusses sound reproduction using a surface nearfield source (SNS), which is categorized between headphones and loudspeakers providing also a natural audio-tactile augmentation to the listening experience. The SNS can be embedded for example in the headrest as a personal sound system. In this sense it has similarities to headphones, but there is no need to wear a device. The SNS has also several advantages compared to loudspeakers, such as suppressed room effect and enhanced bass perception. Differences and similarities of the SNS approach with open and closed headphones, mobile device speakers, and regular loudspeakers are itemized. The SNS implementation is applicable to e.g. movie theater couches and car seats.
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https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=21922
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