Multidimensional perceptual and semantic differential analyses were performed for a set of stimuli that were generated by submitting a pre-recorded guitar performance to a popular multi-effects processor. Within three nominal types of distortion effect (Overdrive, Distortion, and Fuzz), the "drive" setting of the effect was varied between minimum and maximum levels while adjusting the volume of the resulting sounds to maintain constant loudness. As the meaning of the "drive" parameter varies across these effects, changing the tone color for some, while changing only the loudness for others, the loudness of the processor outputs was equalized prior to subjective rating sessions in order to determine what perceptual attributes the "drive" parameter affects besides loudness.
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https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=9949
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