The cultural influence on listeners’ timbre preference was investigated using the magnitude estimation method. Four listener groups (Dutch, Japanese, Korean, and American) participated in a listening test in their own countries. The listeners manipulated the timbre of five stimuli (Dutch, Japanese, Korean and English popular song, and orchestral music) by adjusting gains of three frequency bands according to their preferences. The statistical analysis (a mixed design ANOVA) showed that only interaction factor of the listener groups and the stimuli significantly differentiated the preferred spectral responses of four listener groups. This implies that a listener group from one country had unique timbre preference that appeared by listening to a song in its own language.
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https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=18283
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